Imperialism


 * “Old Imperialism”-** Imperialism in 17th-18th centuries, explorers were motivated by riches and power. Motivated by mercantilism, driven by governments. Spain was the only country early on that used new imperialism. Nations only took over port cities and controlled the country that way rather than take over the whole thing.

Driven by the idea of a country's power and place in society being directly related to how much foreign land they possessed.
 * “New Imperialism”-** The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create a vast political empires abroad. Practice, advocacy or extending the power and domimation of a nation by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining indirect control over political and economic life of other areas. Example Great Britain control over Egypt.


 * DR. David Livingston**- was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa. His meeting with H. M. Stanley in October 1871 gave rise to the popular quotation "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?". Perhaps one of the most popular national heroes of the late 19th century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone had a mythic status, which operated on a number of interconnected levels: that of Protestant missionary martyr, that of working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, that of scientific investigator and explorer, that of imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial empire.


 * H.M Stanley-** was a Welsh American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for Scottish missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, Stanley allegedly uttered the now-famous greeting, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley is also known for his discoveries in and development of the Congo region, which he was sent by Leopold II of Belgium to establish trade stations in the congo region. He was knighted in 1899.


 * Social Darwinism (how it fits in this chapter)-** a good example of social Darwinism is Cecil Rhode's "Confession of Faith" as he justifies imperial ambitions through the use of social Darwinism. In "Confession of Faith" he argues that the English are the finest race in the world, and that the more of the world they inhabit the better it is for the human race. The english are defined as more evolved than the other areas of the world = social Darwinism. Many nations felt that they had to take over other nations to prove that they were strong and virile.


 * “White Man’s Burden”-** The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite people and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living. Any and all societies that were not considered "civilized" were sought after to westernize.


 * Rudyard Kipling-** was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including // The Jungle Book. //


 * “Scramble for Africa”**- Previously only 10% of Africa claimed. After big boom practically the whole continent was claimed by Europeans.The invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African countries by the European imperial powers during the New Imperialism period of 1870–1914. All that remains unconquered by the end of the Scramble for Africa is Liberia and Ethiopia. Why? Liberia = protected by U.S., as it was an established place for slaves to go. Ethiopia = successfully defended themselves against invaders. Territory claims done by Berlin Conference.


 * Belgian Congo**- The formal title of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from its annexation to Belgium by King Leopold II on November 15, 1908 up to its independence on June 30, 1960


 * Leopold II**- King of the Belgians from 1865-1909 and is chiefly remembered for being the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. Known as the primary factor in signaling the beginning of the scramble for africa as he sends in Henry Stanley to began claiming land.


 * Egypt, protectorate**- The Egypt protectorate was taken by the British when Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail, took power and spent a lot of Egypt's budget on irrigation networks and westernizing armies. France and Great Britain were forced to financially step into Egypt to help them pay off the debts that accumulated over the Ismail expenses. This financial and political protectorate by Britain caused Europe to break into Egyptian markets and dominate how they trade with western Europe. Britain controls Egypt financially and politically for a long time.


 * Berlin Conference 1884-1885** - A meeting of European leaders held in 1884-1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa. All states agreed on stopping slavery and trade in the territories they conquer. Also agreed that no country can claim all of africa. Lastly, stated the only way to claim land is to actively occupy it with an army or country presence; and, they recognized Leopold II conquering the congo. Stopped a lot of wars over possessions.


 * Battle of Omdurman**- an army commanded by the British Gen. Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad. It was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined European-led army equipped with modern rifles and artillery over a vastly larger force armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer the Sudan. However, it was not until the 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat that the final Mahdist forces were defeated. A big factor in why the natives were defeated in this battle is because of the development of the Maxim machine gun, which allowed for rapid fire.


 * Fashoda Incident**- climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile sought to gain control of the Nile River and thereby force Britain out of Egypt. The British held firm as Britain and France were on the verge of war. It ended in a diplomatic victory for the British. It gave rise to the 'Fashoda syndrome' in French foreign policy, or seeking to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence. The French did not resist as they were dealing with the Dreyfus affair back home.

Believed that the whole world should be like Britain and it justified his conquerings.
 * Cecil Rhodes** - Founder of the British colony in Africa, Rhodesia. Businessman, diamonds. Had a significant impact towards encouraging the British government to get involved with the acquisition of land in Africa, stated that it was open land waiting to be conquered. Wanted to make the British Empire a super power where all British-dominated countries would be represented in parliament. Started the Rhodes Scholarship, included United States and Germany in hopes that one day United Kingdom, United States and Germany together would dominate the world. Started the De Beers mining company, which is still the biggest diamond company in the world.


 * Cape Colony** - This is the colony that the Dutch had previously controlled before the British came in to invade. It is found at the tip of Africa and the Afrikaners-- descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa-- wanted to defend their land. Britain ended up taking over the cape after victories in the Orange Free State and in Transvaal. This Colony acquisition opened up the scramble for Africa in 19th and 20th century imperialism. Dutch settlers called Boers.

were two wars fought during 1880–1881 and 1899–1902 by the British Empire against the Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. They are sometimes referred to as "the South African War" since the black population of South Africa was also involved in the conflicts
 * Boer War**-


 * Opium Wars**-two trading wars in the mid-19th century in which Western nations gained commercial privileges in China. The first Opium War (1839–42) was between China and Britain , and the second Opium War (1856–60), also known as the Arrow War  or the Anglo-French War in China, was fought by Britain and France against China.


 * Treaty of Nanking** - China was required to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay an indemnity of $100 million, and open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs.


 * “spheres of influence”** - An area that a country/empire has cultural impact and influence in. An example of New imperialism.


 * British East India Company**- The British East India Company (1600–1858) was originally a private company granted a trade monopoly with the East Indies by Queen Elizabeth I. Its success in extracting concessions from native rulers eventually led to its //de facto // control over much of modern India between 1757 and 1858.


 * Boxer Rebellion**- proto-nationalist movement by the Righteous Harmony Society in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity. The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and economic disruption in response to growth of foreign spheres of influence. Grievances ranged from political invasion ranging back to the Opium Wars and economic incursions, to missionary evangelism, which the weak Qing state could not resist. Concerns grew that missionaries could use the sponsorship of their home governments and their extraterritorial status to the advantage of Chinese Christians, appropriating lands and property of unwilling Chinese villagers to give to the church.


 * Russo-Japanese War**-A war between Russia and Japan. Russia wanted a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, Japan wanted to gain power/influence in Korea. Japan won a big naval battle, and this was the first time that a non-western country defeated a western one. was a huge embarrassment for the Russians. loss in war was driving factor for Russia to westernize.

(commonly known as ** John A. Hobson ** or ** J. A. Hobson ** ; 6 July 1858 – 1 April 1940), was an English economist and critic of imperalism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. After the bloody South African War, he wrote his work, "Imperialism," in 1902. He blamed European nations' rush for imperialism on the continuous needs for expansion which coincides with unregulated capitalism, because nations need outlets for their surplus capital. He also stated that imperialism did not actually benefit the country as a whole, only special-interest groups received benefits and individuals saw taxes increased.
 * J.A. Hobson**-