Age+of+Anxiety

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Functionalism**: the principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made.**

Stream –of-consciousness technique**: Writing technique where the writer lets his/her thoughts flow through them which makes the writing more about the person inner conscious and less romanticized.**

Dawes Plan**:**
 * was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I. The Allies' occupation of the Ruhr industrial area contributed to the hyperinflation crisis in Germany. The plan provided for their leaving the Ruhr, and a staggered payment plan for Germany's payment of war reparations. Because the Plan resolved a serious international crisis, Dawes shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925 for his work. It was an interim measure and proved unworkable; the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.**

Mein Kampf**:**
 * is a book by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler written while he was in prison before his control over Germany. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Volume 1 of //Mein Kampf// was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by the former Hieronymite friar Bernhard Stempfle who later died during the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler began dictation of the book while imprisoned for what he considered to be "political crimes" following his failed Putsch in Munich in November 1923. Although Hitler received many visitors initially, he soon devoted himself entirely to the book. As he continued, Hitler realized that it would have to be a two-volume work, with the first volume scheduled for release in early 1925. The governor of Landsberg noted at the time that "he [Hitler] hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred at the time of his trial."**

Popular Front: i**s a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists. Being very broad, they can sometimes include centrist and liberal (or "bourgeois") forces as well as socialist and communist ("working-class") groups. Popular fronts are larger in scope than united fronts, which contain only working-class groups. Ended up breaking up over the potential start of civil war in France.**

Friedrich Nietzsche**:** Henri Bergson**: A major French philosopher, influential especially in the first half of the 20th century. Bergson convinced many thinkers that immediate experience and intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented.**
 * was a German philosopher, poet, composer, cultural critic, and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and aphorism. Nietzsche's key ideas include the "death of God," the //Übermensch//, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism, and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be. His influence remains substantial within philosophy, notably in existentialism, post-modernism, and post-structuralism, as well as outside it. His radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth has been the focus of extensive commentary, especially in the continental tradition. Christianity promoted weakness and the West over emphasized rationality.**

Georges Sorel **- french socialist that concluded that Marxian socialism was an inspiring but unproven religion.Also Sorel rejected democracy and believed thhat masses of the new society would have to be tightly controlled by a small revolutionary elit.**

syndicalism**: A type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and an alternative to state socialism. It is a form of socialist economic corporatism that advocates interest aggregation of multiple non-competitive categorized units to negotiate and manage an economy.**

Ludwig Wittgenstein**: An Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. His influence has been felt in nearly every field of the humanities and social sciences, yet there are widely diverging interpretations of his thought.**

Logical empiricism**: a philosophy that sees meaning in only those beliefs that can be empirically proven, and that therefor rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of god to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense. Popular in England and United States. Believed philosophy was a study of language.**

Existentialism**: A philosophy that stresses the meaningless ness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world. Popular in the continental countries. In order to give life meaning, one must find it through their own actions.**

John-Paul Sartre**: He** ** was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. **

George Orwell,//1984**:**// **An English author in the early 20th century that wrote about a futuristic society for the first time. He opinionated that society will be run by corrupt, communist governments that controls everything in a society. This was the first modern utopian novel that is written that incorporates a storyline into a point that is trying to be made. The book is simply a warning to people that if they don't get their act together and stand up for freedom and what they believe then it will be too late and communistic governments will take over to try and "enhance" society.**

“New Physics**”: questioned old accepted beliefs in physics**

Max Planck**: Max was a German physicist in the 1900s that showed that subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts, which he called "quanta" and is not in a steady stream as he previously believed. He also brought into question whether matter and en3ergy might be different forms of the same thing.**

Albert Einstein, theory of relativity**: Einstein was a famous physicist in the early 20th century that was a German immigrant because he was Jewish during the beginnings of WWII. He came up with a theory that undermined Newtonian physics called the theory of special relativity. This theory is that time and space are relative to the observer and that only the speed of light remains constant. This means that the only "thing" that does not change its speed is light. Everything else moves based on human eye.**

Ernest Rutherford**: British Chemist and Physicist. Father of nuclear physics. Discovered the proton and was the first to artificially create a fission reaction. First to split the atom.**

Bauhaus movement, Walter Gropius**: In 1919, Gropius created a merged school of fine and applied arts in Germany called Bauhaus. It focused on functionalism and good, everyday architectural design.**

Pablo Picasso, Guernica**:** A painting that was created in response to the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian warplanes in the Spanish Civil War.

Dadaism**:. an artistic movement of the 1920's and 1930's that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.**

Surrealism**:** A 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind.

Salvador Dali**: Spanish surrealist painter.**

Igor Stravinsky**: Russian, French an American composer/pianist/conductor. Composed ballets, concertos and symphony's.**

Weimar Republic: The Weimar Republic was the democratic government founded in Germany following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication near the end of War World I. Weimar Republic suffered from the financial and psychological effects of the Treaty of Versailles, including the requirement to pay "reparations" to France and England, several military occupations, and its famously crippling inflation. Additionally, controversy surrounding that treaty and the manner of Germany's defeat in World War I led to increased support for extremist nationalist groups, such as the Nazi party, which won the largest majority in parliament in 1932 and soon thereafter established a dictatorship.

John Maynard Keynes,//Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919**: He believed that the Treaty of Versailles would extremely hinder Germany's economy as and allow for the Bolsheviks to gain while the rest of Europe suffered. He supported less-harsh terms with Germany.**//

Ruhr Crisis, 1923**: The Ruhr Crisis was one of the seminal events of the interwar period. It arose from the frustration of the french government at what it saw as a defiance by German industrialists of the reparations causes of the Versailles treaty**

Locarno Pact, “spirit of Locarno”**:** **seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5 October – 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 3 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany. Ratifications for the Locarno treaties were exchanged in Geneva on 14 September 1926, and on the same day they became effective. The treaties were also registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on the same day.**

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928**:- re-evaluated germany's ability to pay the high war reparations**

Keynesian economics**: