Ideologies+and+Upheavals

Delacroix-Liberty Leading the People Example of Romanticism art.

was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems
 * Congress of Vienna:**


 * liberalism**: main ideas of this movement were equality and liberty. Liberals wanted representative government and equality before the law and individual freedoms ( such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and freedom from arbitrary arrest).

adam smith wrote about it in wealth of nations, his "bible of capitalism," advocated economic individualism and laissez-faire policies. the most productive economy allowed great individual choice ("invisible hand"); severely opposed to mercantilism; characteristic of liberalism
 * laissez faire**:


 * nationalism**: .The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state. Idea started with the French Revolution and the National Assembly.


 * socialism**: A backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society and more toward cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property.


 * Romanticism**: A movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.


 * Sturm und Drang**: German literary movement of the late 18th century that exalted nature, feeling, and human individualism and sought to over throw the Enlightenment cult of rationalism.

were trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846. More simply, to ensure that British landowners reaped all the financial profits from farming, the corn laws (which imposed steep import duties) made it too expensive for anyone to import grain from other countries, even when the people of Great Britain and Ireland needed the food (as in times of famine).
 * Corn Laws, 1815**-


 * Great Famines**- A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change, and the name of the mid-nineteenth-century famine that was the result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.


 * Holy Alliance**- An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Russia and Prussia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia. They banned nationalist fraternities ("Burschenschaften"), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press.
 * Carlsbad Decrees, 1818**-


 * parasites** - These people were viewed by Saint-Simon as people that feed off of what the doers do for their country. Some examples of parasites include politicians, aristocracy, lawyers, and churchman because they always look for a way out. They don't truly do anything themselves and they rely on the doers to get the job done for them.


 * doers** - These people were viewed by Saint-Simon as people that actually contribute their successes and talents into society. They help the parasites get by in life by providing them with necessary skills and services. Some examples of doers are scientists, engineers, and industrialists. These people put themselves in danger just to make the world a better place.


 * bourgeoisie -** middle class. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie exploited the working class (proletariats).


 * proletariat** - industrial working class which according to Marx were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry savagely charged into an organized and peaceful crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. Got its mocking nickname from the Battle of Waterloo, where Britain was victorious against Napoleon.
 * Battle of Peterloo**-


 * dual revolution** - A term that historian Eric Hobsbawm used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse and reinforce each other after 1815.


 * conservatism** - Conservatism was based on the foundations that tradition was the basic source of human institution. One of the main conservatists was Metternich of Austria. He wanted a strong government in order to protect the different societies and classes. Conservatism called for the rights and privileges of the nobility and goes against the ideas of liberalism because it is responsible for only war and revolution. Peace and quiet was a main part in the Conservatists beliefs and they did not like war.

was a German politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. One of his first tasks was to engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian Arch-Duchess Marie Louise. Soon after, however, he engineered Austria's entry into the War of the Sixth Coalition on the Allied side, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna which divided post-Napoleonic Europe between the major powers.
 * Klemens von Metternich**-


 * German Confederation**(Bund)- A loose association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire.

also known as the **Congress System** after the Congress of Vienna, was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914), albeit with major alterations after the revolutions of 1848. Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, the members of the Quadruple Alliance responsible for the downfall of the First French Empire. was a treaty signed in Paris on 20 November 1815 by the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It renewed the alliance first agreed to in 1813 and it modified the aims of the alliance from defeating Napoleon Bonaparte to upholding the settlement following the Napoleonic Wars: with France's admission in 1818, it became the Quintuple Alliance, though British government distaste for the other allies' reactionary policies meant that it lapsed into ineffectiveness after the mid-1820s
 * Concert of Europe-**
 * Quadruple Alliance**-


 * Congress System**- The balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the outbreak of World War I. It was founded by the members of the Quadruple Alliance. (Austria, Russia, Prussia, United Kingdom)


 * Tories- A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the whigs and has been known as the conservative party since about 1832. As aristocrats, they exploited the lower class for their own personal gain through events such as the Corn Laws revision (1815) and the Six Acts (1819) which prevented mass meetings and protests.**

took place in Imperial Russia on 26 December 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the //Decembrists//
 * Decembrist Uprising**-

“**iron law of wages**”- David Ricardo, "iron law of wages" = a plentiful supply of workers would keep wages low to the detriment of the working class (liberalism). since there is always a supply of workers, factory owners have no incentive to increase wages so they will keep them low enough just so the workers can live.

classic statement on liberty of the individual (liberalism), argued for "absolute freedom of opinion" to be protected from government censorship and tyranny of the majority. he later argued for women's rights (On the Subjection of Women)
 * John Stuart Mill, On Liberty**(1859) -


 * Greek Revolution Revolutions of** 1830 - The Greeks called for national, liberal revolution against the Ottoman Turks. The cause was a religious one and the Greeks believed that their culture was ethnically and religiously different from that of the Turks. The Revolution was led by Alexander Ypsilanti who was a general in the Russian army. The great powers of Europe did not come to the aide of Greece initially because they were still getting over the Napoleonic wars. Eventually, Russia came to their aide because of religious reasons (orthodox is close to each other). Eventually the other countries helped Greece out and a German prince was put in control of Greece in order to keep internal affairs in Greece very quiet.


 * Louis Philippe-** became the new king after Charles X abdicated his throne, he reigned over a constitutional monarchy and was known as the "Bourgeoisie King" because France was controlled by upper-middle class bankers and businessmen (narrow liberalism).


 * “Bourgeoisie King”-**Louis Philippe I, supported by the wealthy bourgeoisie, hence the nickname of the “Bourgeoisie King”.

Italian nationalist who believed nationality was determined by language and required a politically independent nation-state. He formed Young Italy and fought for Italian unification into a democratic republic. his work led to the unsuccessful revolutions of 1848.
 * Guiseppe Mazzini**-


 * Whigs**- A member of an 18th and 19th century British political party that was opposed to the Tories. They were similar to the tories in that they were aristocracy based, but the whigs were more focussed and willing to meet the needs of the middle class.

a milestone in British history, it increased the number of voters from six percent to twelve, now including the upper middle class rather than just the aristocracy. it gave greater representation to the new manufacturing districts and cities that rose up in the industrial revolution - the house of commons was now supreme over the house of lords
 * Reform Bill of 1832**-


 * Factory Act of 1833**-(Kids working in the factories at a young age) Kids 9 and under have to go to school, kids 10-13 would only have to work 8 hours, and 14-18 would have to work 12 hours.


 * Mines Act, 1842**- No women or boys under 10 could work there, but all family worked together in a factory.


 * Chartists** - The Chartist Movement consisted of a liberal group of people that wanted universal male suffrage. Their initial petitions failed, but their ideas helped pave the way for future advances in voting rights.

was in effect the resumption of the Anti-Corn Law Association, which had been created in London in 1836 but did not obtain widespread popularity. The Anti-Corn Law League was founded in Manchester in 1838. Richard Cobden and John Bright were the two principal persons of the league while George Wilson, the president of the League, was in charge of administrative duties. Joseph Ivimey, the Superintendent Registrar for St Pancras, was an active member and acted as the League's solicitor. The goal of the league was the abolition of the Corn Laws; this was achieved in 1846, and on 4 July 1846 the League dissolved itself
 * Anti-Corn Law League**-

nfluenced by nationalism, liberalism and romanticism as well as economic dislocation and instability. only Britain and Russia avoided significant upheaval (liberal reforms in britain prevented popular discontent and conservative oppression in russia prevented revolution from taking hold). resulted in the end of serfdom in austria and germany, universal male suffrage in france, and parliaments were established in the german states
 * Revolutions of 1848:**-


 * Second French Republic**- The republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.

“**June Days” Revolution**- an uprising staged by the workers of France from 23 June to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed.

prussian king who rejected the liberal constituion of the german states and claimed "divine right" of kings, which stated he would not accept the crown from the gutter. he imposed a conservative constitution that guaranteed royal control of the government. since prussia and russia did not support unification of the german states, the movement collapsed.
 * Frederick William IV**-


 * Immanuel Kant** -


 * William Wordsworth** -


 * Lord Byron**- He was an English romantic poet who, according to his famous quote "that Greece may yet be free," was a supporter of the Greek cause during their liberal revolution against the Ottoman Turks. He actually travelled to Greece to fight and the Greeks called him a national hero. His famous works include //Don Juan// and //Childe Harold's Pilgrimage//.


 * Grimm’s Fairytales** -

French romantic author. "Hunchback of Notre Dame" "Les Miserables"
 * Victor Hugo**-


 * Ludwig van Beethoven**-

most well known Russian romantic composer; most gifted in the creation of melodies. used folk songs in symphonies "The Nutcracker," "Swan Lake," and "1812 Overture"
 * Peter Tchaikovsky**-


 * Henry de Saint-Simon** - (1760-1825) He believed the key to progress was social organization. His philosophy was that the parasites (aristocracy, court. lawyers, churchmen) should step aside and allow the doers (scientists, engineers, industrialists) dominate by planning the economy through public works projects and investment banks. He strongly believed in improving the conditions of the poor.
 * Louis Blanc** - (1811-1882) Journalist. Created "Organization of Work" in 1839. He pushed for universal voting. Wanted the working class to take control for a peaceful state. He thought states should create government backed workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.


 * Pierre Joseph Proudhon** - (1809) Wrote, " What is Property". He believed that profit was stolen from the worker, source of all wealth. The people that are working in the factories are stealing profits and property from factory owner.


 * Karl Marx**- His father was a Jewish lawyer that converted to Christianity, but Karl was an atheist. He studied philosophy at the University of Berlin before turning to journalism and economics. He lived a modest middle class life. He supported the emancipation of women and the abolition of the family, and he also liked early French utopian socialist ideas. He believed that the middle class bourgeoisie and the working class proletariat were inevitably split or conflicted against each other, and that one day the proletariat would have a violent revolution and win against the bourgeoisie. He co-wrote //The Communist Manifesto// with Friederich Engels in 1848, and it was known as the socialist Bible.

lashed out at the middle class in his "The Condition of the Working Class in England". the capitalist middle class ruthlessly exploited the proletarieat.
 * Friedrich Engels**-