Industrial+Revolution



The Rocket, 1829 photo of Stephenson's invention a year before it was officially tested in 1830

Spinning Jenny- inexpensive hand-powered spinning machine used for cotton invented by James Hargreaves.


 * Manc****hester- location, in the UK, of the world's first passenger railroad station which caused a ripple effect as more technical and financial successes occurred throughout England and the island became filled in with other railways**


 * Industrial Revolution Chart = [[file:ap euro chart.doc]] **


 * Industrial Revolution- ** a term first coined in the 1830's to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, from 1780-1850. First started in England and with the use of talented mechanics and entreprenuers, spread to continental Europe after the 1850's.

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 * spinning jenny- woman moves the carriage back and forth and turned a wheel. A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargrevaes in 1765. Allowed for one machine to create eight threads at one time. **=====


 * water frame- ** a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower therefore required a large and more specialized mill (a factory). Although produced coarse thread.


 * body linen- ** underwear. As a result of the breakthrough in spinning and weaving, cotton goods became much cheaper adn were bought by all social classes instead of just the wealthy.


 * Steam Engine- ** Coal is now being used to power machines, which leads to the creation of the **steam engine.** Starting with **Savery and Newcomen,** models of the steam engine were produced; however, they had a major problem. **1)** they were extremely inefficient. Even though they were extremely inefficient, the engine allowed workers to **mine more coal** because the power of one engine was **greater than** the power of "50-100" horses (engines need = no rest, no breaks, and can adjust operating speed). With the steam engine growing popular, inventors like **James Watt** created a more efficient version of the engine which later **impacted industries greatly.** Textile Industry, Iron Industry (iron becomes cheap, and within 50 years England goes from producing only **17 tons** a year to **3 million tons**), and the impact even trickles down into **transportation = railroads**

** Coke- **a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content made from coal. Puddling furnace allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke.

 * Rocket- ** With railroads becoming produced, their was one problem = they could not construct a railway system to hold the massive size and weight created by the **steam engine** locomotives. Once they were developed, a man named **Stephenson** created a locomotive using the steam engine, known as **The Rocket**. The rocket traveled at a blazing **16mph,** and traveled along the railway from **Liverpool** to **Manchester.** Although the rocket was slow, it's impact on society was tremendous. As a result, everyone saw the **potential the engine had,** causing railroads to become a major **focal point of revolutions**. We see a **Railroad Boom in 1830-1850**, causing major cities to become connected with railroads.

** Crystal **** Palace- ** The palace was made entirely out of **Iron and Glass,** and is given the title of an architectural masterpiece. The palace exemplified **England's power** that came from their industrial revolution (glass and iron are expensive materials). The Crystal Palace was home to the **Great Exhibition in 1851** which hosted much of **England's** inventions and machines during their revolution. Other countries were invited to the **Exhibition**, and they would bring forth machines and other items and display them (this is where Samuel Colt's six shot revolver won a prize and gained popularity).


 * Iron Law of Wages- ** Created by David Ricardo, he used **Malfus's** thoughts on how population growth exceeds food supply, and created his **Iron Law of Wages.** The law suggest that since the supply of workers is so large, wages will always remain at an income that is just enough to **keep them alive.** This is because factory owners have no incentive to pay the workers more, and if their workers **quit,** than they have **thousands** of other people waiting for a job.


 * economic nationalism- ** Policies that are aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy. This was made up by Friedrich List (a German in 1840) to promote the German goods that were made in Germany that can only help the German economy. If English goods were bought, then that would hurt the German economy because those goods could have been purchased by Germans.


 * tariff protection- **A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported goods. This was not used by the English because their gov't believed in Lassez Faire or hands off economy and that the gov't should not interfere with a free market economy.


 * class-consciousness ** - This consists of the realization of the class that one is found in. During this time period every person understood what role they played in society and where they were socially (whether they are bourgeoisie, middle class, or the poor). One could rise or fall on their own during this time by getting educated and starting businesses.


 * Luddites - A group of handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in northern England in 1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work. Doctors and reformers wrote eloquently of problems in the factories and new towns. They were a part of a group that criticized the industrial revolution because of its damage to the planet and the hard life of the working London poor.(who is opposed to especially technological change) **

The Factory Act 1833 was an attempt to establish a regular working day in the textile industry. The act had the following provisions: Children (ages 14–18) must not work more than 12 hours a day with an hour lunch break. Note that this enabled employers to run two 'shifts' of child labour each working day in order to employ their adult male workers for longer. broke family traditions of working together.
 * Factory Act of 1833 ** -
 * Children (ages 9–13) must not work more than 8 hours with an hour lunch break.
 * Children (ages 9–13) must have two hours of education per day.
 * Outlawed the employment of children under 9 in the textile industry.
 * Children under 18 must not work at night.
 * Provided for routine inspections of factories.

The **Mines and Collieries Act 1842,** commonly known as the **Mines Act of 1842**, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It prohibited all females and boys under ten years old from working underground in coal mines. It was a response to the working conditions of children revealed in the Children's Employment Commission (Mines) 1842 report.
 * Mines Act of 1842 ** -

prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. The legislation drove the labour organizations underground. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824. Lobbying by the radical tailor Francis Place played a role in this. However, in response to the series of strikes that followed, the //Combination Act of 1825// was passed, which allowed labour unions but severely restricted their activity.
 * Combination Acts - **


 * Grand National Consolidated Trades Union - ** one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions. It was formed by Robert Owen in 1834. wanted to unify successful organizations in northern England. mostly made up of craftsman. In less than a week had over half a million members.

James Watt realizes previous steam engines were inneficient. so he addsa a **condensor** to his model, which allows water to continuously cycle throughout the engine = **power is contained, much more efficient.** Takes Watt 20 years to build a perfect steam engine. during that time he needs the help of **toy makers and pot makers** because they provide him with **1) skilled laborers** and **2) precise parts**. As a result, it allowed countries to have an endless supply of power that can be controlled and adjusted, which lead to a **boom** in the **industrial revolution**
 * James Watt - **

was a coalition of German states formed to manage customs and economic policies within their territories. Established in 1818, the original union cemented economic ties between the various Prussian and Hohenzollern territories, and ensured economic contact between the non-contiguous holdings of the Hohenzollern family, which was also the ruling family of Prussia. It expanded between 1820 to 1866 to include most of the German states. Austria was excluded because of its highly protected industry; this economic exclusion exacerbated the Austro-Prussian rivalry for dominance in central Europe, particularly in the 1850s and 1860s.
 * Zollverein- **

Publisher of "The Condition of the Working Class in England". Believed that industrial capitalism was the culprit in making poverty worse. Didn't believe that the industrial capitalism was good for the poor. He believed it was making it worse. Thought that it was separating society into its component atom. Felt people were becoming more concerned with themselves rather than being sociable like they were before.
 * Friedrich Engels ** -