Absolutism+In+Eastern+Europe



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Michael Romanov Suleiman the Magnificent (NICE HAT)

Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Holy Roman Empire- The varying complex of lands in western and central Europe (modern day Germany), ruled over first by Frankish and then by German kings for 10 centuries, from Charlemagne’s coronation in 800 until the renunciation of the imperial title in 1806.**


 * Ottoman Empire- Was one of the most powerful states in the world, stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire on the outskirts of Vienna and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south and from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa**


 * Suleiman the Magnificent**- **was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known for expanding the territory of the Ottoman empire significantly through war conquests. He was extremely wealthy because he legally owned all of the empire, so through his victories he essentially added to his own personal wealth. Also, with every victory the defeated countries had to give the sultan war payments of their men to be used as slaves for the empire, which significantly helped him strengthen his army.**


 * Janissary Corps- This is the core of the Sultan's army that was composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire. After 1683 it became a volunteer army where anybody could raise their status in the ranks. Many Christians joined the Muslims in the Corps after they knew that they were going to win. They were one of the most feared armies in all of Europe behind a possible Prussian force. These started out as some of the lesser important people of the Ottoman society when slaves could acquire wealth and power; however, troops were well taken care of for the most part and they could serve the country they lived in.**


 * Poland-Lithuania- a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch during the 16th- and 17th-century**


 * serfdom- is the status of peasants under feudalism, it was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. It created tension between the serfs and their ruling lords sometimes resulting in revolts. Ended up disappearing in Western Europe but was very popular in the East. Serfdome was practically legalized slavery where the peasants work to survive and not much else.**


 * robot- refers to the unpaid labor peasants worked for their local lord.**


 * Habsburg Empire (Austrian Empire)- Is an unofficial appellation amongst historians for the countries and provinces which were ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg.**
 * The Habsburgs ruled the Austrian Empire from 1867 to 1918 and other various kingdoms like Spain. Countries in Europe were constantly at battle with the Habsburgs for control of Europe and balance of power was saught against the empire.**


 * Bohemia- is a historic country of central Europe that was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in the Habsburgs’ Austrian Empire. After Emperor Ferdinand II began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 between Protestants and Catholics.**

__**Austria proper-**__ **Old hereditary provinces that were centeralized by Ferdinand III. He created a standing army, which kept it from the Habsburg empire.**


 * __Hungary__ - Located between Austria and the Ottoman empire. Ruled by the leader of the Austrian Empire, but some laws were slightly different. Resisted the Holy Roman Empire's advances. While the Ottomans were a powerful force in the east the Hungarians repeatedly invited them in to oust the Austrians who they hated**


 * __Leopold I__ - (Habsburg) Holy Roman emperor during 1658-1705. Was an absolutist, not an enlightened ruler. He built a Viennese version of Versailles to commemorated great Austrian military victories and show Habsburg power and wealth. He realized that the peasants couldn't really afford the cash payments instead of free labor to their lords, and so he canceled his brother Joseph's crazy edicts that abolished serfdom etc.**


 * siege of Vienna, 1683- Ottoman Empire laid siege to the Austrian capitol of Vienna, polish and Austrian forces defeated the Ottoman force besieging the city. Marks the decline of the ottoman empires advance and expansion into Europe.**

gained the throne. Is also a sovereign's solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law. In the late history of the Holy Roman Empire it referred more specifically to an edict issued by the Emperor.
 * Pragmatic Sanction -** Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa


 * Prussia- part of the Golden Bull. Frederick the great elector takes over after the 30 years war. Called little Sparta because Prussia's small population comparitively to their army size and strength. At one time one of the most militant countries in Europe.**

control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.
 * Hohenzollerns-** German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their

was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia– and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is popularly known as "The Great Elector" because of his military and political prowess. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. His shrewd domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalia political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his successor.
 * Frederick William, the “Great Elector”-**


 * Junkers-** Nobels of the Prussia lands, under the rule of Fredrick William. Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. Essentially the nobility. Controlled the army, leading in political infulence and social status. Fredrick would be given total control over taxation, while in exchange the nobels would have control of the serfs.

“**king of Prussia”- Fredrick I of the of the Hohenzollern was the first king of prussia. He made Prussia one state, also supported the Habsburgs in the war for spanish succesion.**


 * Frederick William I** the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school.

“**Sparta of the North”**. refers to Prussia under Frederick William I. Prussia's society revolved around the military and its military was the best.

c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.
 * Muscovy**. former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded


 * Boyars- These were the first nobility of Russia that broke away from the Mongol empire. They wanted to resemble themselves like the Mongol Khans because they believed it showed power and strength. These boyars worked with the Muscovite princes to help consolidate their power in the new Russian Empire.**


 * Ivan III (“the Great”) - Ivan III expanded the boarders of the Russian lands up to the Baltic Sea. He was the first "noble" to break away from the Mongol Empire and modeled the other nobility in the Moscow area like Mongol Kahns. He was apart of the Boyar group (see above) and he helped take control of the Byzantine Empire. He was one of the first people to lead the breakaway from the ever so powerful Mongol's by refusing to pay them their taxes.**

“**Third Rome**”- **Third Rome was known as almost another papal area in Russia. The princes of Moscow saw themselves as both heir to the emperors throne as well as heir to the throne of the Orthodox church. It was believed that the tsar of Russia was both the leader of the country as well as the head of the church in which case the leader could maintain control of both his kingdom as well as what form of religion his people practiced. They said that "holy Russia" is known as the "Third Rome".**


 * Ivan IV (“the Terrible”)** - **Ivan IV came to the throne at age 3 and got embarrassed by the boyars at his royal court. At age 16 he pushed aside those boyars and crowned himself tsar of Russia. He consolidated his power by defeating the remaining Mongols, adding boarders, killing off anybody that was opposing him, and gave new people the noble status that did favor him. He made all commoners servants of the tsar and made peasants flee in fear known as the Cossacks (see below). He bound urban traders and artisans to their respective towns only so he could tax them more heavily. He checked the middle class by restricting their work and there was no security in private property. He made everybody under his rule fear him.**


 * Cossacks- They are the peasantry that fled the Moscow area when Ivan IV came into power and started killing off people that didn't agree with his theories. They started moving to their respected areas in the 14th century but formed an alliance with Russia by the end of the 16th century. These peasants proved to be a threat to the Moscow nobility because they formed alliances with the outlaw armies that lived with them.**

“**Time of Troubles**”- **This is the time period in Russia after the death of Ivan IV and his successor. Ordinary people suffered drought, crop failure, and plague that had much death. Cossacks and peasants demanded better respect from the nobles and officials; however, that just brought the nobility together and they crushed Cossack rebellions. What came out of this time period was Ivan IV's grandnephew Michael Romanov, who was named hereditary tsar that brought order and rule to the Moscow state.**


 * Romanov Dynasty -** rulers of Russia from 1613 until the Russian Revolution in 1917


 * __Michael Romanov__-** elected tsar by nobles in 1613 and re-established tsarist autocracy; began Romanov dynasty, Grandparents of Ivan IV; the first Roman dynasty.

__“**Old Believers**”__ the opinion of the Orthodox Russian Church who refused to accept the 17th Century reforms regarding Church text and ritual. They were persecuted and over 20,000 burned themselves alive to show their rebellion.


 * Peter the Great-** (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552) Was an enlightened leader and modernized/westernized russia for the better to fit in with the rest of Europe. The old army of Russia consisted of boyars and very few foot soldiers that were only involved on a part-time basis, but his new army was much more successful because all nobles serve in the army for LIFE, and all men started out at the bottom but could work their way up through the 14 ranks if they honored their duties. He creates schools to train technicians and experts, and all young noble men are required to leave home and go to school for 5 years which helps increase his control over the nobility.


 * Strelski - group of Moscow gaurds who had overthrown previous rulers. Peter the Great put down this group in 1698 to secure his power.**


 * Great Northern War-** Broke out as Peter attacked Sweden(with assistance from Poland and Denmark) in his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic. After being routed initially, Peter decides he needs to improve the Russian System in order to be more successful, and his 18-month tour of European capitals gives him ideas on how to do so by bringing in foreigners to make his army more powerful and utilize schooling and power over the nobles. He re-organized his army on the western model and eventually gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karella on the Baltic. War is decided with the Battle of Poltava, but ends with the Peace of Mystadt in 1721. Sweden becomes a second-rate power after the war.

“**Window on the West” - refers to St. Petersburg as the access to western Europe. Peter the Great's way of westernizing Russia. Used architecture and made people wear westernized clothing. Also saw St. Petersburg as a way to gain access to the sea and expand his resources/empire.**


 * Table of Ranks** was a formal list of 14 positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. It was introduced in 1722, during the reign of Peter the Great, while he engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars. The Table of Ranks was formally abolished by the Bolshevik government on November 11, 1917. table of ranks was **significant** because it provided incentives for members to be active and participate in order to rank up.


 * St. Petersburg- located on the Baltic Sea in Russia. Named after Peter the Great and is referred to the window to the west. Was a way of showing off Russia's power and Westernization after winning the war (Estonia and Latvia were then ruled by Russia). Created elaborate buildings that he made the poor work on. Many were killed during this time. Merchants, artisans, and nobles were forced to build homes in St. Petersburg and live there for most of the year basically for the purpose of Peter spying on them and collecting taxes on the wealthy. About 25,000 to 40,000 peasants were drafted per summer to do free manual labor to maintain the city.**

in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs. Situated between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, adjacent to the site of Peter the Great's original Winter Palace, the present and fourth Winter Palace was built and altered almost continuously between the late 1730s and 1837, when it was severely damaged by fire and immediately rebuilt
 * Winter Palace**