Wars+of+Religion

Please insert any relevant information, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Wars of Religion.



Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Baroque Art-** Art style from 16th to 18th century. Very dramatic and bold. Characterized by extensive ornamentation. Used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur.


 * Bernini**- He was an Italian sculptor that inspired the works of Peter Paul Rubens. He used the Baroque style of art to capture narrative moments through marble by attending famous scenes in either the opera houses or in the streets. He was also a leader in the architectural business and he was commissioned often by the various Popes and signori's of Italy. He helped create the St. Peter's Baldachin, the Colonnade of Piazza San Pietro, and had the opportunity to design the Louvre for Louis XIV.


 * Caravaggio**- He was an Italian oil painter that lived and worked throughout Rome and Sicily in the early 17th century. He loved using oil based paintings and painted mainly that of religious works that expressed the Baroque style of art, similar to that of Peter Paul Rubens. He also got enjoyment out of painting fruit, as well as scenes from the Bible such as the carrying of the cross to Holy Hill, and the Last Supper. One of the leading artists in the 1600's in Rome and was paid well for his work.


 * Peter Paul Rubens** - He was a Baroque artist in 1633 when he painted one of his many masterpieces Garden of Love. He was a trained painter in Italy and taught many that came before him such as Bernini and Caravaggio in the Baroque styles. He then returned to the Spanish Netherlands where he became one of the most renowned and most amazingly prolific artists in Europe. He was a devout catholic and conveys his paintings to the Catholic Reformation.


 * Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559** - It ends the Hapsburg-Valois war; the Spanish Hapsburgs defeat the French. The main result is that Protestantism becomes the enemy in Spain, rather than people.


 * Phillip II** - He was the only son of emperor Charles V, became king of Portugal in 1580 and inherited the Portuguese throne through his English royal line. He began prosecuting Protestants living in Northern Netherlands and wanted them to retain Catholicism. Queen Elizabeth sent soldiers to aid the Netherland's Protestants because she was afraid of the power a Spanish Ruler on a wealthy Portuguese throne could have. He also aided the Spanish Armada by sending troops and boats up to the French coast and throughout Spain.

was the successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain. The religious 'clash of cultures' built up gradually but inexorably into outbursts of violence against the perceived repression of the Habsburg Crown. These tensions led to the formation of the independent Dutch Republic. The first leader was William of Orange, followed by several of his descendants and relations. This revolt was one of the first successful secessions in Europe, and led to one of the first European republics of the modern era, the //United Provinces//.
 * Dutch Revolt**-

Antwerp was situated on the Scheldt River and the crossing of many trade routes, it was a growing power in international commerce, trading Italian mirrors, marble, and silks; French dyes, and wines; Spanish fruit; German iron and copper; Portuguese spices; Baltic wheat, fur, and timber; and English wool. It had huge docks (could hold 2,500 ships) and many thousands of merchants form many countries exchanged money and did business daily in the Antwerp bourse (exchange).
 * Antwerp**-

was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. A wealthy nobleman, William originally served the Habsburgs as a member of the court of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Unhappy with the centralisation of political power away from the local estates and with the Spanish persecution of Dutch Protestants, William joined the Dutch uprising and turned against his former masters. The most influential and politically capable of the rebels, he led the Dutch to several successes in the fight against the Spanish. Declared an outlaw by the Spanish king in 1580, he was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard.
 * William of Orange**-

from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, inherited from the Dukes of Burgundy. Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. They often used the term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until the late 18th century, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic.
 * Spanish Netherlands**-

was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific.
 * Spanish Armada**-


 * French Civil Wars**-


 * Catherine de Medici** - Was the wife of King Henry the II. When Henry II died, she ruled through her 10 year old son King Charles IX. Seen as a weak leader. Weak policies and did certain things to keep her family in the crown.


 * St. Bartholomew Day Massacre** - In 1572, Margaret of Valois(Charle's IX's sister) marries Henry of Navarre(a Protestant) to make religious peace between Catholics and Huguenots. Charles gets a new advisor, Gaspard de Coligny, whom is protestant. Henry of Guise is Catholic and is unhappy with the involvement of these protestants, so he orders to have 12,000 Huguenots executed and the killing continues for about a month.


 * War of the Three Henry’s** - War over which Henry would be the new king of England. It was between the current catholic king Henry III, the Protestant Henry of Navarre, and the Catholic Henry of Guise who created the Catholic League to protect France. Henry of Navarre eventually was the successor.


 * Henry IV** - Henry of Navarre is named Henry III's heir and becomes king; converts to Catholicism because "Paris is worth a mass." Issues the Edict Of Nantes


 * Edict of Nantes** - In 1598, this document legalizes Calvinism in France. It shows that peace is more important than unified religion, and it protects Huguenots with 200 fortified cities. Also, it opens the door for absolutism becaus no fighting means unified power.


 * Thirty Years War** - A European war of the 1616-1648.broke out between the catholic holy roman emperor and some of the German protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with france, sweden, spain, and the holy roman empire as the major protagonists. It ended by the peace of Westphalia.


 * Bohemian Phase** -Ferdinand of Styria becomes King of Bohemia and closes Protestant Churches; leads Catholic League against Protestant Union and is victorious- Catholicism reigns in Bohemia.


 * Danish phase** -Denmark's king Christian IV loses many battles to Albert of Wallenstien(just wanted to gain power and prestige, but ended up splitting army) led to Edict of Restitution after he loses.


 * Edict of Restitution** - Stated that protestants had to return land taken from Catholics and that only Catholics and Lutherans can practice their faith; makes war drag on because it angered so many people.


 * Swedish Phase** -Sweden's king Gustavus Adolfus goes into German in order to protect Protestants; he was victorious (until he was killed); but ends Habsburg goal of uniting all German states.


 * French phase** - This is the final phase of the Thirty year's war. It was when Cardinal Richelieu declared war on Spain and sent in its troops after King Gustavus of Sweden was killed in battle. In October 1648, peace was finally achieved.

Series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' Wa ( Spain vs. Dutch Republic). Caused for a new politcal view in Europe. Allowed for debating specific allies.
 * Treaty of Westphalia** -.

Military and politican of England. Was lord protector but ruled with parliament and council. Rejects crown when parliment asks.However, continues to make imporvements to England government.
 * Oliver Cromwell** -

was a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments. This centralization allowed for an era of worldwide colonization and conquest in the 16th century, and paved the way for rapid economic growth in Europe. Many historians argue the Military Revolution made possible, and indeed made necessary, formation of strong central governments in order to maximize military strength that could enable conquest and prevent being conquered The Achievements of the New Monarchs:
 * New Monarchs**-
 * Limiting the power of the feudal aristocracy
 * Creating efficient, centralized systems of taxation
 * Maintaining a standing army loyal to the monarch
 * Encouraging some sense of national identity (but by no means nationalism yet)
 * Fostering trade, both internally and externally
 * Enforcing religious unity within their countries
 * Louis XI**- French King that began France's recovery.


 * Francis I**- king of france from 1515-1547. He was a Renaissance patron and humanist.
 * Taille** - Direct land tax on the French peasants and people who were not nobles.


 * Concordat of Bologna, 1516** - Catholocism is the state religion in France and Francis I/the government have control over the money and power of the church up until the French Revolution in 1789.


 * Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges** - A decree issued by Charles VII which asserted the church council's power over the pope and restricted the rights of the pope making his jurisdiction subject to the will of the king.

First monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial rapacity which stretched the bounds of legality. The capriciousness and lack of due process which indebted many in England were soon ended upon Henry VII's death after a commission revealed widespread abuses
 * Henry VII**-


 * Star Chamber** - English court of law established during the reign of Henry VII


 * Ferdinand and Isabella** -Isabella was from THe family of Castile and Ferdinand was from the family of Aragon, both were royal houses, so this was when Spain started to be a united country instead of a conglomerate of independent kingdoms. They curbed aristocratic power by excluding high nobles from the royal council and instead appointed lesser landowners.


 * Reconquista** - Christian kingdoms succeeded in reconquering the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic kingdoms. Also this


 * Hermandades** -A group of vigilantes the Spanish monarchs instituted to hunt down any people who practices other faiths besides Catholicism. they were likely the reason that spain had its golden age because they centralized the power in the spanish crown so spain had no revolutions like the rest of Europe had at this time


 * Hapsburgs** - The rulers of the Holy ROman Empire for a long time. they were very powerful and were constantly at odds with France. Probly one of the most a families in history because they were tied to a lot of different countries by marriage.


 * Holy Roman Empire**-


 * Commercial Revolution** - A period of economic expansion. Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and had a new desire for trade.


 * “God, glory, gold”**- The three main reasons for exploration and conquest. God is the religious desire, glory is the desire for fame, and gold is the desire for wealth and riches.


 * Age of Discovery** - This was what the whole period of exploration was called. It was the time period between 1450-1650. Many countries were trying to expand their trade routes and were doing so by sending out ships to chart new routes. In the process, many new lands were found, establishing the name of this period to be the Age of Discovery.


 * Age of Expansion** - Another name for the Age of Discovery. The name fits because many countries were claiming the new lands they were finding therefore expanding their territorial claims.


 * Age of Reconnaissance** - another name for the age of discovery


 * Leaf Ericson** - A Norse who is thought to have been the first European in the Americas.


 * Prince Henry the Navigator** - An important figure in the early days of the Portuguese empire and the age of discoveries. He was responsible for the early development of the European exploration and trade with other continents.


 * Bartholomew Dias** - His significance is that he discovered that it is possible to travel all the way around Africa which opened many new doors for potential trade routes to Asia.


 * Vasco de Gama** - .He was a Portuguese sailor born in 1460. He sailed form Portugal all the way to India. This means he was successful in rounding the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. He was the first person to do. He proved that it was possible to sail around the Cape of Good Hope as it was previously believed that it was impossible.


 * Amerigo Vespucci**- He was an Italian sent by Spain to explore South America/mouth of the Amazon. He determined where he was in the world and called it mundus novus, but he had described the New World, which confirmed that Columbus had found America. He was a cartographer, and he knew that the people of the New World were not Asians and he wasn't in Asia. America is named after him.


 * Christopher Columbus** - spain has to wait until all of the mores are kicked out. which isnt until 1493. this allows **columbus** to sail to what was intended the indies (based off of the inaccurate ptolome's map). he really sails into the united states of america, even though the map says he should be in china. when arrived, columbus exploits the locals by enslaving them. **Santa Fe Capitulations** are created, which states that 1/10th of all gains are given to the discoverer, and will be named governor of the found region, and is used by Columbus to his advantage.


 * Bartolome de las Casas** -. writes about mis-treatment of slaves. can be seen in "apologetic history". which talks about the poor treatment of indians caused by columbus during his exploration. he felt that the natives should be converted, not enslaved.


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** - Divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain. The land to the east would belong to Portugal and the land to the west would belong to Spain. Pope Alexander VI established a decree in June 1494 that determined the line to be 1770 km west of the Cape Verde Islands. It granted Portugal possession to only Brazil and Spain got most of the New World.

-died during battle, but fleet continued to sale around the world -he set out to find a new trade route to china -his journey shows **that it would be too hard for spain to become a competitor in the spice trade.** -spain changes from oversea trade, to conquest -- because portugal owns right to east trade routes because of the **treaty of tordesillas** “**Old Imperialism”** - The period of European Imperialism during which powers were motivated by gold, God, and glory.
 * Ferdinand Magellan** - -first person to circumnavigate around the world (actually made about 2/3 to 3/4 around the world).


 * “Golden Age of Spain”** - A period of flourishing arts and literature in Spain with the political rise decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.

was a chartered company etablished in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock. It was also arguably the first megacorporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate reaties, coin money, and establish colonies.
 * Dutch East India Company**-


 * Technological advances allowing** **exploration** - New boats were developed called caravels and they were much slower than galleys but they could hold more and were much more maneuverable. Ptolemy's Geography was discovered and it introduced the concepts of latitude and longitude. The magnetic compass was invented allowing sailors to determine direction and position at sea. The astrolabe was used to determine altitude of sun allowing mariners to plot their latitude. Also, a new lanteen sail was invented.


 * Columbian Exchange** - .The period of time where the old and new worlds started to trade. They brought new crops and products to each world. However, they also brought diseases to the new world which wiped out a lot of the Natives in the New World. turned out to be **very benneficial** for Europe, and **awful for americas**. this is becuse the **european diet is revolutionized,** which helps out their diet, health, wealth, and the rise of global empires.we see corn and potatoes have the biggest impact because they yield such a high volume on a small sized piece of land. as stated previously, it was awful for americas because they received large domesticated animals which their immune systems had no exposure to, which led to 90% of the population dying.

Swept through Europe and killed many.
 * Smallpox**- highly infectious disease caused by pox-virus. Characterized by high fevers, aches, and pimples that turn into blisters.


 * Potato**- A high calorie that revolutionized the diet of European Peasants, allowing a much greater energy/acreage ratio than pure wheat. It also acts as a nitrogen depositor, making the soil better for the next crop.

.
 * Witch hunts** - Searching of witches and witchcraft. Killed about 40,000 to 60,000 people. Targeted widowed, older and often land-owning women to accuse because ther were easy to blame without anyone to defend them. Also, women cared more for people's children and people with illness, so if someone died there would have easily been a woman nearby to accuse. Consquences could be execution or stoning, also it was primarily older woman were targeted because they were the midwives and the people who were exposed to many situations which something went wrong, and the only explanation people thought was that she was a witch.