Reformation

'  Please insert any relevant information, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Reformation
 * The Wives of Henry VIII**

Ghent Altarpiece by Jan Van Eyck Man in Red Turban by Jan Van Eyck

Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Thomas More, Utopia** - Book about a perfect society were everyone lives in comfort with an education, its the society the government should try to attain. Utopia also expresses a lot of similarities with the popular humanist movement. Thomas More also stresses the importance of education, and reveals the idea that lack of education is the cause of some of the problems that are current. Utopia is an expression of More's humanist ideals, and he also knows that it is impossible for this place to exist, but he hoped some areas would change.


 * Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel** - Francois was a Benedictine monk, a physician, and a humanist scholar during the Renaissance time period. His masterpiece Gargantua and Pantagruel was a folk epic that attacked clerical education and monastic orders. He criticized medieval philosophy for its overriding concern with obscure, confused, and irrelevant questions and censured a narrow-minded clergy who deprived people of life's joys. The story itself was about the abbey of Theleme and how everybody that attended the abbey was perfect in everything. Highly critical and very sarcastic piece.


 * Michel De Montaigne, the essay**- Known for making the essay a popular literary genre, and commonly thought of as the father of modern skepticism.
 * William Shakespeare**- An English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His works have made a lasting impression on theatre and literature throughout history.


 * Flemish Style** - Art movement. Oil paintings became popular. Detailed pieces about Catholic Church. Many pieces were used for symbolism, fountain= Pure river of life. Introduction to detailed landscapes in the back.

Fleminsh artist. First painter to achieve international fame. Very detailed, created altarpieces and portraits. The altar pieces were very detailed about the catholic church.
 * Jan van Eyck** -
 * Borsh** -

German mercantile and banking dynasty that dominated European business during the 15th and 16th centuries, developed capitalistic economic concepts, and influenced continental politics
 * Fugger Family**-


 * Simony** - The act of paying for religious offices and sacraments. This was one of the major things wrong with the church. People didn't like the fact that one person could hold multiple offices just because they paid for it. Many people wanted this to change. One of the leading problems that led to the reformation.


 * Pluralism** - Clergy holding more than one office/benefice at once time and essentially getting double pay and benefits while paying a smaller guy to do their job so they don't do any of the work. Poor leadership


 * Nepotism** - Favoritism or patronage granted towards relatives.


 * Absenteeism** - Staying away from work or school without having a good reason. Absenteeism refers to the **early problems of the church.** It also correlates with pluralism, remember **antoine du prat,** his first time stepping foot into the cathedral he was **supposed** to be bishop at was during his funeral. Together, **pluralism, absenteeism, clerical ignorance and immorality** really hurt the churches reputation just as **black plaque, great schism, conciliar movement,** and the **babylonian captivity** had done previously. these events caused public resentment towards **clerical privileges** because the clergy were exempt from defending cities, and paying taxes, as well as adhering to other clerical rules.


 * Sale of indulgences** - Began majorly by Johann Tetzel, to pay off debts and to fund St. Peter's Basilica. Bought by parishioners to cancel sins and move them from purgatory to Heaven. Opposed by Martin Luther.


 * Clerical ignorance** - Priests mumbled Latin but didn't understand the meaning, but laiety are more educated now and realize how questionable the clergy seem.


 * Martin Luther** - German monk/priest/professor, creator of Lutheranism. Major figure of the Reformation. Translated the Bible into everyday language, making it accessible to the masses. Taught that salvation is attained through faith, not good deeds.


 * On Christian Liberty- This was written by Martin Luther first in Latin then translated into German that contains the main themes of Luther's theology: the importance of faith, the relationship of Christian faith and good works, the dual nature of human beings, and the fundamental importance of Scripture. He also writes in here that Christians were freed from sin and death through Christ, not through their own actions.**


 * 95 Thesis**- Written by Martin Luther, protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of i ndulgences. Was a major cause of the Protestant Reformation. Not nailed to the Curch Wittenberg.


 * On the Jews and Their Lies** -initially, luther was willing to allow the jews to join his vision of the reformed christianity. previously, luther expressed sympathy for the jewish sufferings and denounced persecutions they faced. however, the jews did not share any interest in the new testament and in a way chose not to participate in luther's reformation. This **PISSSED** luther off because luther believes in the new testament and that faith will bring you into heaven. anyways, luther writes **on the jews and their lies** with absolute disgust and no mercy towards the jewish population. he writes to **set fire to their synagogues or schools,** **raze and destroy their houses, take all their prayer books, etc.. etc..** pretty much, luther wants no existence of the jewish population


 * Against the Peasants** - written by Luther because in 1525 the peasants took up arms against their manorial lords, and were joined by the lower class artisans and workers in many towns. luther reacted sternly, and wrote this piece urging the princes to repress the rebels with every power at their command. **he did this because** luther thought this would turn into an **anarchy.** luther does not want an anarchy because he still wants church and state. if the peasants were successful, religion will be gone because there will be no lords to enforce the religion on their inferiors. which is why luther wants catholics and protestants on luther's side to kill the peasants brutally and put down this opposition to luther's power.


 * Marriage and Celibacy** - Martin Luther did not believe in celibacy. He said that by having sex it led you away from temptation. You would be able to satisfy your need and keep away from sin. He also believed that divorce should be allowed. He believed this because if a marriage wasn't working, people would be tempted to commit adultery which is a big sin. By divorcing, it kept people away from this.


 * Johann Tetzil** - Pope Albert's advisor that says "As, soon as coin in cofer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." He makes a mockery/market of paying for your sins with the sale of indulgences

German scholastic theologian. Defended Catholicism during Refomation. Believed that Martin Luther and John Hus ideas were the same. Spent most of his time in Germany and Switzerland.
 * Johann Eck** -
 * “priesthood of all believes”**- a doctrin that stated that everyone has access to God through Christ.

was an imperial diet, or assembly, of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. It is most memorable for the **Edict of Worms,** which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.
 * Diet of Worms**-


 * Confessions of Augsburg**- the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation . The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had called on the Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire and rally support against the Turkish invasion


 * Peasants’ War** - Nobility aggravated peasants due to not paying taxes and they seized village common lands and imposed new rents. Peasants believed in scriptures and they cited radical thinkers as well as Luther as proof that they had rights. Luther wanted to prevent rebellion because the peasants were only making things worse when the Nobility and Princes were mainly Catholic. Luther then published Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants to calm down the rebellion and try to enforce Lutheranism more peacefully.


 * Hapsburg-Valois War**- This was fought in Italy along the eastern and southern borders of France and eventually in Germany. The Ottoman Turks had also taken much of Hungary and in 1529 were besieging Vienna. Fighting began in 1546 and the Ottomans scored some early victories. These wars were fought over if Lutheranism could be accepted in northern Germany and other areas where Protestantism could be accepted. Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 and the Catholic king of France sent money to the Lutheran princes.


 * Peace of Augsburg 1555** - Treaty Between Charles V and alliance of Lutheran Princes on September 25,1555 official ends religious struggle, makes legal division of Christianity. **permanently allowed nobles to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism.** (remember, nobles choose religion of their land)


 * Anabaptists** - A form 16th century reformation. They believed in adult baptism and seperation of church and state. they were radicals, and were not popular because they were seen as **too extreme.** they believed in adult baptism because they saw that babies had no choice to choose religion at that young of an age, so wait until they have knowledge of what religion they want and then baptize them. they were also **pacifists,** which met they would only swear their loyalty to religion. they were favored by some of the **poor uneducated,** because it would give them a fresh new start (baptizing as adults).


 * Mennonites** - A member of Anabaptists. Didnt believe in taking oaths or churh organization


 * Quakers** - A form of protestant Christianity that emphasizes the spiritual aspect of Christian faith and experience. Broke out during the religious turmoil in England


 * Ulrich Zwingli** - Christian humanist from Zurich that believes similar things to Martin Luther, but the main difference is that he does not believe that the communion sacraments are actually God's flesh and blood, but rather a represenation of him.


 * John Calvin** - Founder of Calvinism. He was born in France in 1509 and converted to Protestantism in 1533. He worked to establish his own religion. Main beliefs of Calvinism are the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. Didn't ascribe free will because that would detract from the sovereignty of God. Also big believer in predestination.


 * Institutes of the Christian Religion** - Written by John Calvin, it outlined a basis for Calvinism in that there is no free will, people are predestined to heaven or hell, and God is omnipitent.

//**Catechism**//- The principles of Christian religion based on questions and answers used to instruct Christians.


 * Predestination** - The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.


 * Geneva** - John Calvin made this city very important. It was known as "a city that was a church". John Calvin made Geneva the home of Calvinism and made many of his speeches here.

was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation. He participated in the Protestant Reformation, and later developed a nontrinitarian Christology. Condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was arrested in Geneva and burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant Geneva governing council
 * Michael Servetus**-

is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes hard work, frugality and prosperity as a display of a person's salvation in the Christian faith.
 * Protestant work ethic**-


 * John Knox** - Religious leader during the reformation. Brought the reformation to Scotland. Influenced the Book of Common Prayer.

A form of Protestant Church government in which the church is administered by locally by the minister with group of elected elders.
 * Presbyterianism**-
 * Huguenots** - Members of the Protestant Church in France. Mostly Calvinists. Many flee France due to religious persecution.


 * Puritans** - Members of a 16th and 17th century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.


 * English Reformation** - This was totally separate from the European reformation. Henry wanted a annulment from his first wife Catherine so he could marry his lover who was pregnant. Since the church was against divorce, the Pope denied Henry the divorce. Henry decided to break away from the Catholic church and he made himself head of the English church. Now he could grant himself the annulment.


 * Henry VIII** - King of England. Known for his many wives. He was the king that caused the reformation in England. He broke away from the Catholic church and made himself head of English church.


 * The Act in Restraint of Appeals** - this act was part of henry's decrees and was made in 1533. it states that **the decisions he makes does not have to be monitored or questioned by ANYONE.** remember, at the time, Henry is married to catherine, but he wants to marry **anne** **Boleyn** because he knocked her up and she's pregnant with his kid. **remember,** henry wants a son so he has an **heir to his throne**. since catherine only seems to produce daughters, **henry hopes** boleyn will produce his son that he has been waiting for so long. **SO WHY DOESNT HENRY DIVORCE CATHERINE?** because he can't, so he has to say that the **marriage is invalid**. which is why he imposes "act in restraint of appeals", and this is his first step towards getting rid of catherine.

was a process by which the Church of England gave up their power to formulate church laws without the King's licence and assent. It was first passed by the Convocation of Canterbury in 1532 and then by the Reformation Parliament in 1534. Along with other Acts passed by the Parliament, it further separated the Church from Rome.
 * The Act of Submission of the Clergy**-


 * The Wives of Henry VIII** - 1st - Catherine of Aragon 1509 - 1533(divorced), 2nd - Anne Boleyn 1533-1536 (Executed), 3rd - Jane Seymour 1536-1537 (Died), 4th - Anne of Cleves January - July 1540 (Divorced) , 5th Kathyrn Howard 1540 -1542 Executed, 6th Katherine Parr 1543 - 1547 (Widowed.


 * Thomas Cranmer**- A leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build a favourable case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church..


 * Church of England** - England breaks ties with christian church makes their own church that's very similar to Christianity but allows divorces because the king wanted one but couldn't under Christianity.


 * Pilgrimage of Grace** - The catholic church is still powerful despite **henry's reforms. (act in restraint of appeals** and **submission of clergy**). the primary example that displays they are still powerful is the pilgrimage of grade, which is the largest multi-class rebellion in english history and took place in 1536 in northern england.


 * Edward VI** - He was the replacement of Henry VIII in England and instituted Lutheran reform in the country. However, during his rule, Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy and invited Protestant theologians to England and he prepared the first Book of Common Prayer. He was seen as a weak ruler and only reigned for a short period of time. He fought the angry Scottish in changing the religion around as well as fighting the French.


 * Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”** - Married Philip of Spain, takes the throne after her brother Edward dies. She was a strong Catholic and so she removes all the changes her family had previously put in place with protestantism in England. The changes between catholocism and protestantism cause chaos and she ends up executing 300 people that are against catholocism, hence her nickname.


 * Elizabeth I** - Very successful and loved, her reign was religiously stable because she was tolerant of Calvinists and Catholics. When Catholics and puritans were fighting, she chose a middle course and allowed Catholics to follow her without changing their dedication to the pope. The Elizabethan Settlement was 39 articles which were the statements and beliefs of the Anglican church.


 * Politique** - A Catholic or Protestant moderate who thinks that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. Henry of Navarre was one of these and saved France. He became a politique and converted to Catholicism to please the civilians of France. Who also found it more important to maintain a strong monarchy rather than to maintain a certain religion.

was Elizabeth I's response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. This response, described as "The Revolution of 1559", was set out in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, with Parliament conferring on Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, while the Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the form the English church would now take, including the re-establishment of the Book of Common Prayer.
 * Elizabethan Settlement**-


 * Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots**- She was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland.


 * Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns**- The group was founded in 1535 at Brescia, Italy, by Angela Merici, for the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy.

of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ.
 * Catholic Counter Reformation**-
 * 1) Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
 * 2) Religious orders
 * 3) Spiritual movements
 * 4) Political dimensions

was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death in 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. During his pontificate, and in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, new Catholic religious orders and societies, such as the Jesuits. He convened the Council of Trent in 1545. He was a significant patron of the arts and employed nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family.
 * Pope Paul III**-


 * Council of Trent** -This was the council called to make reforms to the Catholic church. They ended simony, educated the clergy, and took stricter control over clergy members' lives. They made a list of prohibited books and they tried to reconcile with the Protestant church. They gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to traditions. They required bishops to live in their own dioceses and suppressed pluralism. They forbade the sale of indulgences.


 * Jesuits** - Society of Jesus, order of the Catholic Church. Primarily missionaries, founded by Ignatius Loyola. Began in 1534, participated in the Catholic Counter reformation. Founded many religious schools over all of Europe.

was a Spanish knight from a local noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was its first Superior General. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.
 * Ignatius Loyola**-


 * Spanish and Italian Inquisitions**- group within the judicial system whose goals was to fight against heretics.